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Raid on Fort William and Mary

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On the afternoon of December 14, 1774, John Sullivan and John Langdon led patriotic supporters in a raid against Fort William and Mary, now Fort Constitution, in Portsmouth. At about three o’clock a few shots were exchanged between the patriots and the king’s soldiers, but no one was injured. Before a second volley could be shot, the fort was overrun, the king’s colors were lowered, and patriots made off with 97 barrels of powder, some of which was used the following June at the Battle of Bunker Hill. Sullivan returned the next day, December 15, to seize the fort’s cannons.

The raid was prompted by a message from Boston, carried by Paul Revere, warning that royal troops were on their way to reinforce the fort.

Why is this armed engagement not more widely spoken about? Perhaps it’s the numbers. Over 400 patriotic supporters overwhelmed a mere six king’s soldiers. Perhaps it’s the fact that Britain chose to focus on the growing unrest in Massachusetts. Nevertheless, the raid on Fort William and Mary was an act of deliberate revolt and the first fully organized, large-scale armed attack against the authority of the British monarchy.

Image caption: “An explanation on the prospect draft of the Fort William and Mary on [Piscataqua} River,” 1705, courtesy of the Library of Congress. Image text: A watercolor drawing of a colonial town in the background and a fort on the shoreline in the foreground. The British flag is waving over the fort. Two men in military uniform look out over the water.